Avançado 12. rasal Verbs (Idioms) (Part 1 of 3)

Phrasal Verbs (Idioms) (Part 1 of 3)

NOTE: Exercises at the end of part 3

Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition (also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also called phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways:

VERB	MEANING	EXAMPLE
drop off	decline gradually	The hill dropped off near the river.
drop off(2)	fall asleep	While doing his homework he dropped off.
drop off(3)	stop and give something to someone	Would you drop this off at the post office?
drop out	cease to participate	After two laps, the runner dropped out.

Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated from the verb.

Separable add up (meaning: to add): She added it up on her calculator.

Inseparable get around (meaning: to evade): She always gets around the rules.

Separable

• add up – add

• back up - cause to move backwards; support;

• blow up; cause to explode; destroy by explosives

• break down - analyze; list the parts of separately

• break into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin;

• bring about - cause to happen

• bring off – accomplish

• bring on – cause

• bring out - publish; emphasize

• bring over – bring

• bring to – revive

• bring up - raise; care for from childhood

• brush out - brush the inside of

• burn down - destroy by burning

• burn up - consume by fire

• buy out - by the other person's share of a business

• buy up - buy the whole supply of

• call off - cancel; order away

• call up - telephone; summon for military service

• calm down - become calm

• carry on – continue

• carry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform

• carry over - carry; continue at another time or place

• cheer up - cause to become cheerful

• chew up - chew thoroughly

• chop up - chop into small pieces

• clean off - clean the surface of

• clean out - clean the inside of

• clean up - clarify; tidy

• clear out - clear the surface of

• clear up - clear the inside of

• close down - close permanently

• close up - close temporarily

• count in – include

• count out – exclude

• count up - calculate; count; add to a total

• cross out – eliminate

• cut off - interrupt; sever; amputate

• cut out - eliminate; delete

• cut down - reduce in quantity

• draw up - write; compose (a document)

• dress up - put clothes on; adorn

• dust out - dust the inside of

• eat up - eat completely

• figure out - interpret; understand

• figure up – compute

• fill in - complete (a printed form)

• fill out - complete (a printed form)

• fill up - fill completely (a container)

• find out – discover

• fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable manner

• get across - cause to be understood

• give back – return

• give out - distribute; announce

• give up - surrender something

• hand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance

• hand over - yield control of

• hang up – suspend

• have on - be dressed in

• have over - entertain someone informally at one's home

• hold off - delay; restrain

• hold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weapon

• keep up - continue; keep the same pace

• leave out – omit

• let down – disappoint

• let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing)

• light up - light; illuminate thoroughly

• live down - live in such a way as to cause something to be forgotten

• make over – remake

• move over - move to the side

• pass out – distribute

• pass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity)

• pass on – transmit

• pay back – repay

• pay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay

• pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers; learn casually; initiate an association publicly

• play down – minimize

• play up – emphasize

• point out – indicate

• pull down - pull in a downward direction; raze

• push across - cause to be understood or accepted

• put off – postpone

• put on - dress in; deceive or fool

• put up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest

• quiet down - be quiet

• ring up - the telephone

• rinse off - rinse the surface of

• rinse out - rinse the inside of

• rule out – eliminate

• run down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle

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Avançado 11. ON THE TELEPHONE - Part 2 of 2

ON THE TELEPHONE - Part 2 of 2

Leaving a Message

Sometimes, there may not be anyone to answer the telephone and you will need to leave a message. Follow this outline to make sure that the person who should receive your message has all the information he/she needs.

1. Introduction - - - - Hello, this is Ken. OR Hello, My name is Ken Beare (more formal).

2. State the time of day and your reason for calling - - - - - It's ten in the morning. I'm phoning (calling, ringing) to find out if .. / to see if ... / to let you know that ... / to tell you that ...

3. Make a request - - - - Could you call (ring, telephone) me back? / Would you mind ... ? /

4. Leave your telephone number - - - - My number is .... / You can reach me at .... / Call me at ...

5. Finish - - - - Thanks a lot, bye. / I'll talk to you later, bye.

Here's an example of message

• Telephone: (Ring... Ring... Ring...) Hello, this is Tom. I'm afraid I'm not in at the moment. Please leave a message after the beep..... (beep)

• Ken: Hello Tom, this is Ken. It's about noon and I'm calling to see if you would like to go to the Mets game on Friday. Could you call me back? You can reach me at 367-8925 until five this afternoon. I'll talk to you later, bye.

As you can see, leaving a message is pretty simple. You only need to make sure that you have stated all the most important information:

Your Name, The Time, The Reason for Calling, Your Telephone Number

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Avançado 10. On the Telephone

Our lesson today is about how to use the telephone in English. There will be no exercise. Part 1 of 2

On the Telephone

Calling Someone at Work

A) Hello. This is Kenneth Beare. May I speak to Ms Sunshine, please?

B) Hold the line a moment, I'll check if she is in her office.

A) Thank you.

B) (after a moment) Yes, Ms Sunshine is in. I'll put you through.

A) Hello, this is Ms Sunshine. How can I help you?

B) Hello, my name is Kenneth Beare and I'm calling to enquire about the position advertised in Sunday's Times.

A) Yes, the position is still open. Could I have your name and number please?

B) Certainly, My Name is Kenneth Beare...

Leaving a Message

A) Hello. Could I speak to Jack Parkins, please.

B) Who's calling, please?

A) This is Fred Blinkingham. I'm a friend Jack's.

B) Hold the line, please. I'll put your through. (after a moment) – I'm afraid he's out at the moment. Can I take a message?

A) Yes. Can you ask him to give me a call? My number is 345-8965

B) Could you repeat that, please?

A) Certainly. That's 345-8965

B) OK. I'll make sure Mr. Parkins gets your message.

A) Thank you. Goodbye.

B) Goodbye.

Key Vocabulary

• This is ...

• May (Can, Could) I speak to...?

• I'm calling ...

• Hold the line a moment...

• Put someone through...

• Who's calling...?

• Take a message

• Call, ring, phone

Note On the telephone use 'this is...' instead of 'I am'.

Telephone English - The Phrases

There are a number of phrases and idioms that are only used when telephoning. Let's first take a look at an example dialogue: Here are the most common:

• Operator: Hello, Frank and Brothers, How can I help you?

• Peter: This is Peter Jackson. Can I have extension 3421?

• Operator: Certainly, hold on a minute, I'll put you through...

• Frank: Bob Peterson's office, Frank speaking.

• Peter: This is Peter Jackson calling, is Bob in?

• Frank: I'm afraid he's out at the moment. Can I take a message?

• Peter: Yes, Could you ask him to call me at 212 456-8965. I need to talk to him about the Nuovo line, it's urgent.

• Frank: Could you repeat the number please?

• Peter: Yes, that's 212 456-8965, and this is Peter Jackson.

• Frank: Thank you Mr Jackson, I'll make sure Bob gets this asap.

• Peter: Thanks, bye.

• Frank: Bye.

As you can see, the language is rather informal and there are some important differences to everyday English. Look at the chart below for key language and phrases used in telephone English:

Introducing yourself:

• This is Ken.

• Ken speaking

Asking who is on the telephone:

• Excuse me, who is this?

• Can I ask who is calling, please?

Asking for Someone

• Can I have extension 321? (extensions are internal numbers at a company)

• Could I speak to...? (Can I - more informal / May I - more formal)

• Is Jack in? (informal idiom meaning: Is Jack in the office?

Connecting Someone:

• I'll put you through (put through - phrasal verb meaning 'connect')

• Can you hold the line? Can you hold on a moment?

How to reply when someone is not available:

• I'm afraid ... is not available at the moment

• The line is busy... (when the extension requested is being used)

• Mr. Jackson isn't in... Mr. Jackson is out at the moment...

Taking a Message:

• Could (Can, May) I take a message?

• Could (Can, May) I tell him who is calling?

• Would you like to leave a message?

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Avançado 9. NOUN + NOUN (Part 2)

 When nouns are together like this, sometimes we write them as one word and sometimes as two separate words. For example:

A headache, toothpaste, a weekend, a stomach ache, table tennis.

There are no clear rules for this. If you are not sure, it is usually better to write two words. You can often put a hyphen (-) between the two words (but this is not usually necessary).

For example: a dinning-room, the city-center.

Note the difference between:

a) A wine glass (perhaps empty) and a glass of wine (= a glass with wine in it).

b) A shopping bag (perhaps empty) and a bag of shopping (= a bag full of shopping).

When we use NOUN + NOUN, the first noun is like an adjective. It is normally singular but the meaning is often plural. For example, a bookshop is a shop where you can buy books, an apple tree is a tree that has apples.

In the same way we say:

A three-hour journey (not 'a three-hours journey')

A ten-pound note (not 'pounds')

A four-week English course (not 'weeks')

Two 14-year-old girls (not 'years')

A three-page letter (not 'pages')

So we say:

It was a three-hour journey. But, 'the journey took three hours.'

Exercise:

What do we call these things and people? Use the structure noun + noun.

1) A ticket for a concert is …

2) A magazine about computers is …

3) Photographs taken on your holiday are your …

4) Chocolate made with milk is …

5) Somebody whose job is to inspect factories is …

6) A hotel in central London is …

7) The results on your examinations are your …

8) The carpet in the dining room is …

9) A scandal involving a football club is …

10) A question that has two parts is …

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Avançado 8. NOUN + NOUN (part 1 of 2)

We often use two nouns together (noun + noun) to mean one thing/person/idea, etc. For example: a tennis ball, a bank manager, a road accident, income tax, the city center.

The first noun is like an adjective - it tells us what kind of thing/person/idea, etc. For example:

A tennis ball = a ball used to play tennis.

A road accident = an accident that happens on the road.

Income tax = tax that you pay on your income.

The sea temperature = the temperature of the sea.

A London doctor = a doctor from London.

So you can say:

A television camera, a television program, a television studio, a television producer (all different things or people to do with television).

Language problems, marriage problems, health problems, work problems (all different kind of problems).

Compare:

Garden vegetables (vegetables that are grown in a garden).

A vegetable garden (a garden where vegetables are grown).

Often the first word end s in -ing. Usually there are things used for doing something. For example:

A washing machine

A frying pan

A swimming pool

The dining room

Sometimes there are more than two nouns together:

I waited at the hotel reception desk (a desk).

We watched the World Swimming Championships on television.

If you want to play table tennis (a game), you need a table tennis table (a table)

To continue, with exercise on part 2.

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Avançado 7. Text - RAPUNZEL

NOTE: Today we will present a love story, celebrating, our Valentine's Day (in Brazil, Dia dos Namorados). It is a story known by all, but it is a love story. So, read it and enjoy the love you have your heart.

RAPUNZEL

by Grimm Brothers

Once upon a time there lived a man and his wife who were very unhappy because they had no children. These good people had a little window at the back of their house, which looked into the most lovely garden, full of all manner of beautiful flowers and vegetables; but the garden was surrounded by a high wall, and no one dared to enter it, for it belonged to a witch of great power, who was feared by the whole world.

One day the woman stood at the window overlooking the garden, and saw there a bed full of the finest rampion: the leaves looked so fresh and green that she longed to eat them. The desire grew day by day, and just because she knew she couldn't possibly get any, she pined away and became quite pale and wretched. Then her husband grew alarmed and said: 'What ails you, dear wife?'

'Oh,' she answered, 'if I don't get some rampion to eat out of the garden behind the house, I know I shall die.' The man, who loved her dearly, thought to himself, 'Come! rather than let your wife die you shall fetch her some rampion, no matter the cost.' So at dusk he climbed over the wall into the witch's garden, and, hastily gathering a handful of rampion leaves, he returned with them to his wife.

She made them into a salad, which tasted so good that her longing for the forbidden food was greater than ever. If she were to know any peace of mind, there was nothing for it but that her husband should climb over the garden wall again, and fetch her some more. So at dusk over he got, but when he reached the other side he drew back in terror, for there standing before him, was the old witch.

'How dare you,' she said, with a wrathful glance, 'climb into my garden and steal my rampion like a common thief? You shall suffer for your foolhardiness.'

'Oh!' he implored, 'pardon my presumption; necessity alone drove me to the deed. My wife saw your rampion from her window, and conceived such a desire for it that she would certainly have died if her wish had not been gratified.' Then the Witch's anger was a little appeased, and she said: 'If it's as you say, you may take as much rampion away with you as you like, but on one condition only – that you give me the child your wife will shortly bring into the world. All shall go well with it, and I will look after it like a mother.'

The man in his terror agreed to everything she asked, and as soon as the child was born the Witch appeared, and having given it the name of Rapunzel, which is the same as rampion, she carried it off with her. Rapunzel was the most beautiful child under the sun. When she was twelve years old the Witch shut her up in a tower, in the middle of a great wood, and the tower had neither stairs nor doors, only high up at the very top a small window. When the old Witch wanted to get in she stood underneath and called out: 'Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Let down your golden hair,' for Rapunzel had wonderful long hair, and it was as fine as spun gold.

Whenever she heard the Witch's voice she unloosed her plaits, and let her hair fall down out of the window about twenty yards below, and the old Witch climbed up by it. After they had lived like this for a few years, it happened one day that a Prince was riding through the wood and passed by the tower. As he drew near it he heard someone singing so sweetly that he stood still spell-bound, and listened. It was Rapunzel in her loneliness trying to while away the time by letting her sweet voice ring out into the wood. The Prince longed to see the owner of the voice, but he sought in vain for a door in the tower. He rode home, but he was so haunted by the song he had heard that he returned every day to the wood and listened. One day, when he was standing thus behind a tree, he saw the old Witch approach and heard her call out: 'Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Let down your golden hair,'

Then Rapunzel let down her plaits, and the Witch climbed up by them. 'So that's the staircase, is it?' said the Prince. 'Then I too will climb it and try my luck.' So on the following day, at dusk, he went to the foot of the tower and cried: 'Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Let down your golden hair,' and as soon as she had let it down the Prince climbed up.
At first Rapunzel was terribly frightened when a man came in, for she had never seen one before; but the Prince spoke to her so kindly, and told her at once that his heart had been so touched by her singing, that he felt he should know no peace of mind till he had seen her. Very soon Rapunzel forgot her fear, and when he asked her to marry him she consented at once. 'For,' she thought, 'he is young and handsome, and I'll certainly be happier with him than with the old Witch.' So she put her hand in his and said: 'Yes, I will gladly go with you, only how am I to get down out of the tower? Every time you come to see me you must bring a skein of silk with you, and I will make a ladder of them, and when it is finished I will climb down by it, and you will take me away on your horse.'
They arranged that till the ladder was ready, he was to come to her every evening, because the old woman was with her during the day. The old Witch, of course, knew nothing of what was going on, till one day Rapunzel, not thinking of what she was about, turned to the Witch and said: 'How is it, good mother, that you are so much harder to pull up than the young Prince? He is always with me in a moment.'
'Oh! you wicked child,' cried the Witch. 'What is this I hear? I thought I had hidden you safely from the whole world, and in spite of it you have managed to deceive me.' In her wrath she seized Rapunzel's beautiful hair, wound it round and round her left hand, and then grasping a pair of scissors in her right, snip snap, off it came, and the beautiful plaits lay on the ground. And, worse than this, she was so hard-hearted that she took Rapunzel to a lonely desert place, and there left her to live in loneliness and misery.
But on the evening of the day in which she had driven poor Rapunzel away, the Witch fastened the plaits on to a hook in the window, and when the Prince came and called out: Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Let down your golden hair,' she let them down, and the Prince climbed up as usual, but instead of his beloved Rapunzel he found the old Witch, who fixed her evil, glittering eyes on him, and cried mockingly: 'Ah, ah! you thought to find your lady love, but the pretty bird has flown and its song is dumb; the cat caught it, and will scratch out your eyes too. Rapunzel is lost to you for ever -- you will never see her more.'
The Prince was beside himself with grief, and in his despair he jumped right down from the tower, and, though he escaped with his life, the thorns among which he fell pierced his eyes out. Then he wandered, blind and miserable, through the wood, eating nothing but roots and berries, and weeping and lamenting the loss of his lovely bride. So he wandered about for some years, as wretched and unhappy as he could well be, and at last he came to the desert place where Rapunzel was living.
Of a sudden he heard a voice which seemed strangely familiar to him. He walked eagerly in the direction of the sound, and when he was quite close, Rapunzel recognised him and fell on his neck and wept. But two of her tears touched his eyes, and in a moment they became quite clear again, and he saw as well as he had ever done. Then he led her to his kingdom, where they were received and welcomed with great joy, and they lived happily ever after.

Note: No exercises today. Just enjoy your Valentine's Day!

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